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What is the air pressure at sea level and how does the air pressure change with altitude?

It can vary by more than 100hPa at sea level and is halved every 3500m. It is always 1013,25hPa at sea level and is halved every 5500m. On average 1013,25hPa at sea level and decreases linearly with altitude. On average 1013,25hPa at sea level and is halved every 5500m.

Air pressure at sea level varies quite a bit over the earth. On average it is 1013,25hPa in what we call the Standard Atmosphere. Air pressure decreases with altitude, but not linearly. At 5500m it is 505hPa in the Standard Atmosphere, which is half of that at sea level.

What is the effect of flying at high altitudes on the descent rate of a paraglider?

The descent rate decreases with altitude. Altitude has no influence on the descent rate. The descent rate increases with altitude. None of the above is true.

At high altitude, the air density is lower. This causes the paraglider to fly faster and descend faster.
See the Aerodynamics chapter.

Which distance must a paraglider keep with respect to other aircraft?

Enough distance At least 50m At least 150m At least 300m

How much is 'enough' depends on the situation! See the chapter on Rules and regulations.

What is happening here?

A persistent knot that was overlooked during take-off. Asymmetrically pulled big ears. A cravat, most likely caused by a large collapse, stall or spin. This is typical image of a spin.

The left tip of the canopy is tangled in the lines. This is called a cravat (from the French for 'tie').

Drag of a paraglider depends on

the air density, shape, surface and speed. the shape and surface of the paraglider, as well as temperature and wind direction. the shape and speed of the paraglider, weight and temperature. shape and weight of a paraglider, as well as temperature and air density.

Drag is not dependent on temperature, nor wind direction.
See the Aerodynamics chapter.

How can you recognise an approaching cold front?

The appearance of large, quickly growing cumulonimbus clouds at the horizon. By cirrus clouds high up. By the presence of powerful updrafts and unusually large cumulus clouds. All of the above.

The first sign of a cold front may be high cirrus just like a warm front, but often these are soon obscured by the quickly developing cumulus, cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus. See the chapter on Weather.

Which line material has the following properties:
sensitive to heat and moisture causing stretching and shrinking, white color.

Dyneema lines Kevlar lines Polyester lines Nylon lines

Dyneema is a trade name for polyethylene fiber.

During which part of the flight is the angle of attack so large that the airflow around the airfoil is no longer laminar but instead 'breaks' and becomes turbulent?

During take-off During a spiral dive While flying in dynamic lift While flaring to land

The air flow around an airfoil 'breaks' (the paraglider stalls) when the angle of attack becomes too high, for example with full brakes on. In all other answers the airspeed is high and therefore the angle of attack is much smaller, nowhere close to the stall point.
See the sections on deep stall and stall in the Aerodynamics chapter.

What is katabatic wind?

Wind that is caused by a high pressure area. Wind that is caused by air flowing down a mountain under the influence of gravity. Valley wind. Wind caused by a temperature gradient.

Katabatic wind arises when air cools, for example at night, and flows downslope. Cool air is heavier than warm air.

What is the purpose and meaning of the acronym IMSAFE?

It is the gesture the pilot makes with his arms when he has landed safely. It is a set radio message sent after a safely executed emergency landing. It is a checklist the pilot can follow after an emergency landing. It is a checklist for a pilot to determine whether he is fit to fly.

IMSAFE is used throughout aviation to assess your fitness to pilot an aircraft.
The acronym is: Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue and Emotion.
For more information read the chapter on Basic techniques.

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